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玉樹翻譯公司關鍵字：The upper reaches of the relatively low technological level, but with a certain ability to learn. With "natural monopoly" status, economic profit is enormous. In the absence of external pressure to promote technological progress, resulting in "X-inefficiency." The quality of its products, quantity and the production standards and the middle can not be completely complementary, badly in need of innovation in production technology. Because it is the only monopolist is the sole supplier of middle enterprises, so the middle enterprises in order to better organize production, to get raw materials, had to be technology spillovers. The technology spillover for middle enterprises are benign, improve the technological level of the upstream monopoly, supporting capacity, equivalent to reducing their costs. And do not worry about the rise of the upstream monopoly threat to their own, even if the upstream monopoly may be the future after the integration, into the middle reaches of the production level up, as long as they keep the middle-level technical nature, do not worry about the upstream business of their own composition threat. And even if the upstream monopoly really into the middle of production processes, it is nothing more than monopolistic competition in the market more than just a vendor, market structure changes are not large. Only the upstream business is a monopoly enterprise, its midstream business to achieve the best effect of technology spillovers, because with competition if the number of upstream components, not just a vendor, a middle enterprises will choose the highest level of technology as part of its supply business, and several vendors will use the game between the upstream background, for their own gain at the lowest cost. Now is the monopoly nature of the upstream firms, midstream companies have no choice but to perform a comprehensive technology spillovers. In turn, the upstream monopolist also face several downstream, but also to have some bargaining power to seek the best technology spillover.Perfectly competitive downstream market development stage company as the reason, the general level of technology, but with a certain ability to learn. River downstream manufacturers are free to choose in order for technology spillovers. You can also select a few perfectly competitive firms, each overflow different technologies. Several multinational companies were absorbed into the different aspects of the overflow of technology in the industry, as in the complete market, the technology is easy to imitate each other, even those without direct access to enterprise technology spillovers imitation, which is equivalent to the entire market companies are absorbed into a comprehensive
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